Understanding Closures in JavaScript

Closures are functions that retain access to variables from their outer scope.

1. Basic Example

function outer() {
  let counter = 0;
  return function inner() {
    counter++;
    return counter;
  }
}
const count = outer();
console.log(count()); // 1

2. Use Cases

• Data privacy
• Function factories
• Maintaining state

Conclusion

Closures are powerful for encapsulation and functional programming in JS.